Barriers To Supply Chain Management

Becoming an integrated value partner requires tight integration between the supply chain and customer relationship activities. There are many visible and invisible barriers that check smooth supply chain management. To illustrate, a company that customizes its offerings to delight a customer with high potential lifetime value must also ensure that its supply chain management processes seamlessly feed into its CRM process for that customer.This forms the basis of an integrated demand and supply chain management system free from any kind of barriers.Research proves that companies that do integrate demand and supply chain management systems are more successful than their counterparts. Those that have successfully integrated their CRM and SCM activities tend to perform better than their competitors. Specifically, these companies gain a competitive advantage by (1) collaborating both internally and externally with supply chain partners, such as suppliers, distributors/retailers, and custo mers having no or less barriers, and (2) measuring and exceeding their goals for customer loyalty and retention for each customer and segment.They often are aided by new Internet technologies, which help them, improve supply chain collaboration and build relationships across a network of suppliers and customers. This, in turn, allows them to differentiate the way they create value for every customer and segment. With these emerging e-business technologies that can seamlessly link manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, and customers, companies, in theory, can swiftly orchestrate resources to respond to each customer's needs. But in reality, this is virtually impossible to do.Companies simply do not have the resources to simultaneously respond in real time, reduce manufacturing costs, keep zero inventories, and provide excellent service for each and every customer. So instead of trying to satisfy every customer perfectly, they need to learn how to dynamically balance customer value a nd supply chain costs to build the right customer relationships. Companies can achieve this balance by leveraging Internet technologies to create digitally integrated demand and supply systems in which there is no chance of any barrier.Such systems would provide real-time, differentiated responses to customers according to their loyalty, lifetime value, requirements, and servicing costs. By focusing on maximizing the entire value creation process, rather than on just specific CRM or SCM activities, companies will begin to reap the real benefits of the new digital economy. Heineken and Cisco Systems are examples of companies that are leveraging the Internet to enhance collaboration with customers, distributors, and suppliers and hence an effective tool to remove various barriers of supply chain management.Heineken has focused on CRM, while Cisco has emphasized SCM. Heineken has developed a Web-based system to share information with distributors on forecasts, marketing and promotions, and order fulfillment. The system has doubled Heineken's customer satisfaction ratings. Cisco, a leader in networking equipment for telecommunications and the Internet, has created electronic links with key suppliers across its entire product line to give it unprecedented supply chain flexibility. The links enable suppliers to ship more than 65 percent of Cisco's orders directly to the final customer without physical intervention from Cisco.The result is a significant reduction in the time it takes to ramp up production of new products. Although both of these companies are innovators, neither one has developed a truly integrated demand-supply chain that depends on simultaneous excellence in both SCM and CRM. Other leaders are leveraging the Web in different ways. Companies like Herman Miller and Dell Computer, for example, have discovered that excellence in products, service, and production alone is not enough to compete in the future.They recognize that they must become integrated value providers and they also leant that this is only possible by removing visible and invisible barriers from supply chain management. Herman Miller, a leading furniture manufacturer, is creating tailored Web pages that will not only streamline manufacturing, inventory, and order information flows to and from its 500-plus suppliers around the world but also sell to and service its most important customers. Leveraging the Internet in this way will help Herman Miller differentiate products, service, and delivery for customers according to the value they bring to the company.(Siems, 2005) Similarly, Dell continually resegments its customer base and measures the lifetime value of customers. The computer maker then manages its interaction with customers through tailored Web pages that offer each customer the most profitable customer service level. Dell also has an online supplier portal that handles 90 percent of purchases from the 33 most important suppliers. This feature helps Dell a nd its suppliers share key data and measurements on shipment accuracy, quality, and demand forecasts.As companies like Dell succeed in integrating customer and supply chain systems, they can further reduce inventories; improve customer responsiveness, decrease barriers and increase customer loyalty and shareholder value. Just by taking the early steps toward achieving excellence in CRM and SCM, companies can begin to boost their business performance while erecting formidable barriers to the competition. Competitors will find it increasingly difficult to mimic the value offered by these â€Å"integrated value providers.† (Shankar, 2004) Creating new value propositions is the second approach to integrating demand and supply. This entails modifying the demand-supply chain design to create a mutually beneficial supply chain system for both the company and the customer and it also helps in removing various barriers in the way of supply chain management. To do this, companies must change the point in the supply chain at which they allocate goods while simultaneously altering the point at which they fulfill demand.The idea that suppliers should work much more closely with customers to give them better value is not new as far as the removal of barriers is concerned. Yet close partnerships are still not common largely because, until recently, integrating the information systems of two or more companies was a lengthy, expensive, and technically difficult process. The recent widespread adoption of Web-based enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems and the rise of the Internet, however, have made it much easier and cheaper for customers and suppliers to integrate and exchange data.(Holmstrom, 2001) And yet, disconnects still occur. In reality, most of the changes that suppliers implement do not add much value from the customer's point of view and this also proves to be a barrier. A supplier, for example, might typically cut its inventory by reducing product varie ty–which is not very helpful for the customer or for the customer's customer. By tweaking the demand-supply chain, however, suppliers can design mutually beneficial supply chain systems for particular customers.These systems will offer customers completely new value propositions while improving the supplier's own operations. To affect a mutually beneficial supply chain design, companies must focus on the customer's demand chain, which transfers demand from the market to the supplier. A retailer's demand chain, for example, would consist of assortment planning, inventory management, and procurement. This demand chain joins with the supply chain to form the demand-supply chain. The chains link together in two places–the supply-fulfillment point (SFP) and the demand-offering point (DOP).Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) is an approach to avert barriers in supply chain management which originated in the US and gained support from major European retailers. It is a manageria l approach that starts with consumer demand and then gears the whole of the supply chain to responding to that demand. It is a customer-driven, demand-pull product management system: a seamless interface from consumer purchase to manufacturing schedules; it is different to a supply-push or buying-led approach, which is based on the principles of sales forecasting, with products supplied in preparation for estimated demand.References Holmstrom, J. , W. E. Hoover Jr. , P. Louhiluoto, and A. Vasara. â€Å"The Other End of the Supply Chain,† The McKinsey Quarterly, 2001, 1, 62-71. Shankar, V. â€Å"e-Marketplaces: Evolution and Future,† Working Paper, University of Maryland, 2004. Siems, Thomas F. 2005. â€Å"Supply Chain Management: The Science of Better, Faster, Cheaper. † Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. Southwest Economy. Issue 2, March/April, pp. 1, 7-12.

Business Administration Essay

You should use this file to complete your Assessment. †¢ The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk †¢ Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly †¢ When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference †¢ Then, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number. Please note that this Assessment document has 8 pages and is made up of 7 Sections. Name: Sophie Griffith-Allen Section 1 – Know the employment rights and responsibilities of the employee and employer 1. Identify four main points that would be included in a contract of employment. If possible, use an example contract to support your answer (feel free to obscure any confidential information). In a contract of employment there are certain details which need to be included about the employer and employee, such as their names. Other information that must be included are about the job itself, such as job title, date of employment, duties and responsibilities that are expected from the employee. At Morrisons a probationary period of 13 weeks is included in a contract of employment and the employees contracted hours of work per week. 2a) List three key points of legislation that affect employers in a business  environment. Health and safety Act 1974 Copyright designs and patents Act 1988- Copyright refers to laws that control the use of the work of a creator, such as an artist or author. For a copyright to apply to a piece of work it must be an original idea of their own that is put to use. Data protection Act 1998 2b) List three key points of legislation that affect employees in a business environment. †¢ Pensions- Are very important for employees as the government think that people aren’t saving enough money towards pensions, as of 2012 pensions will undergo a considerable amount of change. †¢ Pay-there is lots of legislation about employee pay. Some examples include: The Equality Act 2010 which contains measures to protect women from being paid less than men for doing the same job. †¢ The National Minimum Wage Act 1998 an Act that was introduced to prevent very low pay. †¢ Employment rights and responsibilities- ‘Employees are expected to carry out their work in a way that has regard to the safety of others. Employers are expected to abide by a range of requirements governing such aspects as providing safe machinery and equipment, carrying out regular health and safety checks, ensuring the training of employees in health and safety issues, and carrying out a risk assessment to assess the dangers of particular work activities.’ http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/business-theory/people/rights-and-responsibilities-of-employers-and-employees.html#axzz2ENr4by5I 3. Identify a range of places where a person can find information on employment rights and responsibilities. You should identify at least two internal and two external sources of information. Sources of information where a person can find information on employment  rights and responsibilities are internal sources, such as books and documents held within the organisation, informed colleagues and line managers. Another source of information is external which are found outside of an organisation, such as libraries, the government, equality and human rights commission. 4. Describe how representative bodies can support employees. Representative bodies are one of the ways that employees can receive help and support in the work place. The best known examples of representative bodies are trade unions, which are a large organisation that represent the interests of their membership, they can offer assistance through work based representatives and they will also have regional and national expertise that they can use. Union representatives have a right to paid time to help employees, some of the areas where they can support employees are health and safety, workforce agreement, pensions, information and consultation representation. 5. Briefly describe employer and employee responsibilities for equality and diversity in a business environment. You should give at least two employer responsibilities and two employee responsibilities. If possible, provide relevant equality and diversity procedures from your workplace (or place of study) to support your answer. These documents should be annotated to highlight the relevant sections. In any organisation it is important for everyone to be treated equally. Employees and employers should be treated in a fair way and to be given equal opportunities. This is why there are certain responsibilities to be followed by employees and employers to prevent discrimination, such as people who are doing the same job equally well should all be rewarded fairly. It is morally right to treat people fairly and to avoid unfair discrimination. To prevent discriminatory and unfair behaviour there have  been many laws put in place. Both employers and employees should make sure that inappropriate labelling, stereotyping and prejudice do not influence the way an organisation operates. ‘At Morrisons the issue of equality and diversity are taken very seriously. They recruit, develop and keep the most talented people regardless of gender, race, disability, age sexual orientation, religion and nationality. Morrisons is dedicated to being an equal opportunities employer and support all employees to make the best of their skills’. ‘’Our policy aims to ensure that no job applicant or employee receives less favourable treatment. We will treat staff, potential staff and the public fairly and with dignity’’. 6. Briefly explain the benefits of making sure equality and diversity procedures are followed in a business environment. Your answer should include one benefit for the employer, one benefit for the employee and one benefit for the overall organisation. Benefits of making sure equality and diversity procedures are followed in a business environment are: Employer: Reduces the incidence of bullying and harassment. Employee: Employees will want to work harder, they feel valued, happier and more efficient. It will increase the chance of open competition for opportunities. Overall organisation: As employees are treated with equality organisations will be more successful. Helps to maintain morale and motivation of the workforce leading to increased quality of products, overall it will become more of a successful organisation. Section 2 – Understand the purpose of health, safety and security procedures  in a business environment 1. Identify employer and employee responsibilities for health, safety and security. If possible, provide relevant health, safety and security policies / documents from your workplace (or place of study) to support your answer. These documents should be annotated to highlight the relevant sections. Employers and employees in any organisation have a legal duty that the working environments are safe and secure. The health and safety Act should be followed at all times. Employer responsibilities: Are to provide a secure, healthy and safe workplace that is free from hazards recognised by the organisation. Ensure that employees have safe tools, equipment and materials. Ensure that equipment provided is always properly maintained. Employers must report any fatal accidents. Employers must provide employees with accurate training and medical examinations when required. Employees responsibilities: Are to inform employers of any hazards that have accrued in the workplace. Report job-related accidents that result to injuries and illnesses. Follow the regulations of health and safety that are set by the employer. Familiarise and obey with the organisations standards. ‘Morrisons are committed to achieving and maintaining the highest standards of health, safety and security standards across the company. All staff at Morrisons receives regular health and safety training. There are many rules that all staff at Morrisons must follow in order to prevent any harm not only to staff but to their customers as well, such as always checking floor surfaces are clean with no spillages etc. Morrisons makes sure that there are always staff present that are first aid qualified in case of any incidents or accidents that have taken place. If any accidents or incidents  did occur within Morrisons all staff recognise that they must be reported as soon as possible.’ 2. Explain the purpose of following health, safety and security procedures in a business environment. The purpose of following health, safety and security procedures in a business environment include: Ensuring the safety and welfare of the individual and others is kept at all times. Ensuring the business/organisation is following relevant legislation. 3. Describe three different ways of maintaining a safe and secure business environment. Ensuring all employees have the necessary safety equipment. Taking time to find where health, safety and security responsibilities lie. To promote a safe working environment is to make sure that safety equipment used by employees is often maintained. Workers must always wear suitable clothing given for the job. Organisations should require that each new member of staff receive and read a company handbook highlighting all safety procedures, and receive regular health and safety training. Having an employee sign a statement that he/she understands and is willing to follow all safety and regulations at all times.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Forty

Catelyn The eastern sky was rose and gold as the sun broke over the Vale of Arryn. Catelyn Stark watched the light spread, her hands resting on the delicate carved stone of the balustrade outside her window. Below her the world turned from black to indigo to green as dawn crept across fields and forests. Pale white mists rose off Alyssa's Tears, where the ghost waters plunged over the shoulder of the mountain to begin their long tumble down the face of the Giant's Lance. Catelyn could feel the faint touch of spray on her face. Alyssa Arryn had seen her husband, her brothers, and all her children slain, and yet in life she had never shed a tear. So in death, the gods had decreed that she would know no rest until her weeping watered the black earth of the Vale, where the men she had loved were buried. Alyssa had been dead six thousand years now, and still no drop of the torrent had ever reached the valley floor far below. Catelyn wondered how large a waterfall her own tears would make when she died. â€Å"Tell me the rest of it,† she said. â€Å"The Kingslayer is massing a host at Casterly Rock,† Ser Rodrik Cassel answered from the room behind her. â€Å"Your brother writes that he has sent riders to the Rock, demanding that Lord Tywin proclaim his intent, but he has had no answer. Edmure has commanded Lord Vance and Lord Piper to guard the pass below the Golden Tooth. He vows to you that he will yield no foot of Tully land without first watering it with Lannister blood.† Catelyn turned away from the sunrise. Its beauty did little to lighten her mood; it seemed cruel for a day to dawn so fair and end so foul as this one promised to. â€Å"Edmure has sent riders and made vows,† she said, â€Å"but Edmure is not the Lord of Riverrun. What of my lord father?† â€Å"The message made no mention of Lord Hoster, my lady.† Ser Rodrik tugged at his whiskers. They had grown in white as snow and bristly as a thornbush while he was recovering from his wounds; he looked almost himself again. â€Å"My father would not have given the defense of Riverrun over to Edmure unless he was very sick,† she said, worried. â€Å"I should have been woken as soon as this bird arrived.† â€Å"Your lady sister thought it better to let you sleep, Maester Colemon told me.† â€Å"I should have been woken,† she insisted. â€Å"The maester tells me your sister planned to speak with you after the combat,† Ser Rodrik said. â€Å"Then she still plans to go through with this mummer's farce?† Catelyn grimaced. â€Å"The dwarf has played her like a set of pipes, and she is too deaf to hear the tune. Whatever happens this morning, Ser Rodrik, it is past time we took our leave. My place is at Winterfell with my sons. If you are strong enough to travel, I shall ask Lysa for an escort to see us to Gulltown. We can take ship from there.† â€Å"Another ship?† Ser Rodrik looked a shade green, yet he managed not to shudder. â€Å"As you say, my lady.† The old knight waited outside her door as Catelyn summoned the servants Lysa had given her. If she spoke to her sister before the duel, perhaps she could change her mind, she thought as they dressed her. Lysa's policies varied with her moods, and her moods changed hourly. The shy girl she had known at Riverrun had grown into a woman who was by turns proud, fearful, cruel, dreamy, reckless, timid, stubborn, vain, and, above all, inconstant. When that vile turnkey of hers had come crawling to tell them that Tyrion Lannister wished to confess, Catelyn had urged Lysa to have the dwarf brought to them privately, but no, nothing would do but that her sister must make a show of him before half the Vale. And now this . . . â€Å"Lannister is my prisoner,† she told Ser Rodrik as they descended the tower stairs and made their way through the Eyrie's cold white halls. Catelyn wore plain grey wool with a silvered belt. â€Å"My sister must be reminded of that.† At the doors to Lysa's apartments, they met her uncle storming out. â€Å"Going to join the fool's festival?† Ser Brynden snapped. â€Å"I'd tell you to slap some sense into your sister, if I thought it would do any good, but you'd only bruise your hand.† â€Å"There was a bird from Riverrun,† Catelyn began, â€Å"a letter from Edmure . . . â€Å" â€Å"I know, child.† The black fish that fastened his cloak was Brynden's only concession to ornament. â€Å"I had to hear it from Maester Colemon. I asked your sister for leave to take a thousand seasoned men and ride for Riverrun with all haste. Do you know what she told me? The Vale cannot spare a thousand swords, nor even one, Uncle, she said. You are the Knight of the Gate. Your place is here.† A gust of childish laughter drifted through the open doors behind him, and her uncle glanced darkly over his shoulder. â€Å"Well, I told her she could bloody well find herself a new Knight of the Gate. Black fish or no, I am still a Tully. I shall leave for Riverrun by evenfall.† Catelyn could not pretend to surprise. â€Å"Alone? You know as well as I that you will never survive the high road. Ser Rodrik and I are returning to Winterfell. Come with us, Uncle. I will give you your thousand men. Riverrun will not fight alone.† Brynden thought a moment, then nodded a brusque agreement. â€Å"As you say. It's the long way home, but I'm more like to get there. I'll wait for you below.† He went striding off, his cloak swirling behind him. Catelyn exchanged a look with Ser Rodrik. They went through the doors to the high, nervous sound of a child's giggles. Lysa's apartments opened over a small garden, a circle of dirt and grass planted with blue flowers and ringed on all sides by tall white towers. The builders had intended it as a godswood, but the Eyrie rested on the hard stone of the mountain, and no matter how much soil was hauled up from the Vale, they could not get a weirwood to take root here. So the Lords of the Eyrie planted grass and scattered statuary amidst low, flowering shrubs. It was there the two champions would meet to place their lives, and that of Tyrion Lannister, into the hands of the gods. Lysa, freshly scrubbed and garbed in cream velvet with a rope of sapphires and moonstones around her milk-white neck, was holding court on the terrace overlooking the scene of the combat, surrounded by her knights, retainers, and lords high and low. Most of them still hoped to wed her, bed her, and rule the Vale of Arryn by her side. From what Catelyn had seen during her stay at the Eyrie, it was a vain hope. A wooden platform had been built to elevate Robert's chair; there the Lord of the Eyrie sat, giggling and clapping his hands as a humpbacked puppeteer in blue-and-white motley made two wooden knights hack and slash at each other. Pitchers of thick cream and baskets of blackberries had been set out, and the guests were sipping a sweet orange-scented wine from engraved silver cups. A fool's festival, Brynden had called it, and small wonder. Across the terrace, Lysa laughed gaily at some jest of Lord Hunter's, and nibbled a blackberry from the point of Ser Lyn Corbray's dagger. They were the suitors who stood highest in Lysa's favor . . . today, at least. Catelyn would have been hard-pressed to say which man was more unsuitable. Eon Hunter was even older than Jon Arryn had been, half-crippled by gout, and cursed with three quarrelsome sons, each more grasping than the last. Ser Lyn was a different sort of folly; lean and handsome, heir to an ancient but impoverished house, but vain, reckless, hot-tempered . . . and, it was whispered, notoriously uninterested in the intimate charms of women. When Lysa espied Catelyn, she welcomed her with a sisterly embrace and a moist kiss on the cheek. â€Å"Isn't it a lovely morning? The gods are smiling on us. Do try a cup of the wine, sweet sister. Lord Hunter was kind enough to send for it, from his own cellars.† â€Å"Thank you, no. Lysa, we must talk.† â€Å"After,† her sister promised, already beginning to turn away from her. â€Å"Now.† Catelyn spoke more loudly than she'd intended. Men were turning to look. â€Å"Lysa, you cannot mean to go ahead with this folly. Alive, the Imp has value. Dead, he is only food for crows. And if his champion should prevail here—† â€Å"Small chance of that, my lady,† Lord Hunter assured her, patting her shoulder with a liver-spotted hand. â€Å"Ser Vardis is a doughty fighter. He will make short work of the sellsword.† â€Å"Will he, my lord?† Catelyn said coolly. â€Å"I wonder.† She had seen Bronn fight on the high road; it was no accident that he had survived the journey while other men had died. He moved like a panther, and that ugly sword of his seemed a part of his arm. Lysa's suitors were gathering around them like bees round a blossom. â€Å"Women understand little of these things,† Ser Morton Waynwood said. â€Å"Ser Vardis is a knight, sweet lady. This other fellow, well, his sort are all cowards at heart. Useful enough in a battle, with thousands of their fellows around them, but stand them up alone and the manhood leaks right out of them.† â€Å"Say you have the truth of it, then,† Catelyn said with a courtesy that made her mouth ache. â€Å"What will we gain by the dwarf's death? Do you imagine that Jaime will care a fig that we gave his brother a trial before we flung him off a mountain?† â€Å"Behead the man,† Ser Lyn Corbray suggested. â€Å"When the Kingslayer receives the Imp's head, it will be a warning to him,† Lysa gave an impatient shake of her waist-long auburn hair. â€Å"Lord Robert wants to see him fly,† she said, as if that settled the matter. â€Å"And the Imp has only himself to blame. It was he who demanded a trial by combat.† â€Å"Lady Lysa had no honorable way to deny him, even if she'd wished to,† Lord Hunter intoned ponderously. Ignoring them all, Catelyn turned all her force on her sister. â€Å"I remind you, Tyrion Lannister is my prisoner.† â€Å"And I remind you, the dwarf murdered my lord husband!† Her voice rose. â€Å"He poisoned the Hand of the King and left my sweet baby fatherless, and now I mean to see him pay!† Whirling, her skirts swinging around her, Lysa stalked across the terrace. Ser Lyn and Ser Morton and the other suitors excused themselves with cool nods and trailed after her. â€Å"Do you think he did?† Ser Rodrik asked her quietly when they were alone again. â€Å"Murder Lord Jon, that is? The Imp still denies it, and most fiercely . . . â€Å" â€Å"I believe the Lannisters murdered Lord Arryn,† Catelyn replied, â€Å"but whether it was Tyrion, or Ser Jaime, or the queen, or all of them together, I could not begin to say.† Lysa had named Cersei in the letter she had sent to Winterfell, but now she seemed certain that Tyrion was the killer . . . perhaps because the dwarf was here, while the queen was safe behind the walls of the Red Keep, hundreds of leagues to the south. Catelyn almost wished she had burned her sister's letter before reading it. Ser Rodrik tugged at his whiskers. â€Å"Poison, well . . . that could be the dwarf's work, true enough. Or Cersei's. It's said poison is a woman's weapon, begging your pardons, my lady. The Kingslayer, now . . . I have no great liking for the man, but he's not the sort. Too fond of the sight of blood on that golden sword of his. Was it poison, my lady?† Catelyn frowned, vaguely uneasy. â€Å"How else could they make it look a natural death?† Behind her, Lord Robert shrieked with delight as one of the puppet knights sliced the other in half, spilling a flood of red sawdust onto the terrace. She glanced at her nephew and sighed. â€Å"The boy is utterly without discipline. He will never be strong enough to rule unless he is taken away from his mother for a time.† â€Å"His lord father agreed with you,† said a voice at her elbow. She turned to behold Maester Colemon, a cup of wine in his hand. â€Å"He was planning to send the boy to Dragonstone for fostering, you know . . . oh, but I'm speaking out of turn.† The apple of his throat bobbed anxiously beneath the loose maester's chain. â€Å"I fear I've had too much of Lord Hunter's excellent wine. The prospect of bloodshed has my nerves all a-fray . . . â€Å" â€Å"You are mistaken, Maester,† Catelyn said. â€Å"It was Casterly Rock, not Dragonstone, and those arrangements were made after the Hand's death, without my sister's consent.† The maester's head jerked so vigorously at the end of his absurdly long neck that he looked half a puppet himself. â€Å"No, begging your forgiveness, my lady, but it was Lord Jon who—† A bell tolled loudly below them. High lords and serving girls alike broke off what they were doing and moved to the balustrade. Below, two guardsmen in sky-blue cloaks led forth Tyrion Lannister. The Eyrie's plump septon escorted him to the statue in the center of the garden, a weeping woman carved in veined white marble, no doubt meant to be Alyssa. â€Å"The bad little man,† Lord Robert said, giggling. â€Å"Mother, can I make him fly? I want to see him fly.† â€Å"Later, my sweet baby,† Lysa promised him. â€Å"Trial first,† drawled Ser Lyn Corbray, â€Å"then execution.† A moment later the two champions appeared from opposite sides of the garden. The knight was attended by two young squires, the sellsword by the Eyrie's master-at-arms. Ser Vardis Egen was steel from head to heel, encased in heavy plate armor over mail and padded surcoat. Large circular rondels, enameled cream-and-blue in the moon-and-falcon sigil of House Arryn, protected the vulnerable juncture of arm and breast. A skirt of lobstered metal covered him from waist to midthigh, while a solid gorget encircled his throat. Falcon's wings sprouted from the temples of his helm, and his visor was a pointed metal beak with a narrow slit for vision. Bronn was so lightly armored he looked almost naked beside the knight. He wore only a shirt of black oiled ringmail over boiled leather, a round steel halfhelm with a noseguard, and a mail coif. High leather boots with steel shinguards gave some protection to his legs, and discs of black iron were sewn into the fingers of his gloves. Yet Catelyn noted that the sellsword stood half a hand taller than his foe, with a longer reach . . . and Bronn was fifteen years younger, if she was any judge. They knelt in the grass beneath the weeping woman, facing each other, with Lannister between them. The septon removed a faceted crystal sphere from the soft cloth bag at his waist. He lifted it high above his head, and the light shattered. Rainbows danced across the Imp's face. In a high, solemn, singsong voice, the septon asked the gods to look down and bear witness, to find the truth in this man's soul, to grant him life and freedom if he was innocent, death if he was guilty. His voice echoed off the surrounding towers. When the last echo had died away, the septon lowered his crystal and made a hasty departure. Tyrion leaned over and whispered something in Bronn's ear before the guardsmen led him away. The sellsword rose laughing and brushed a blade of grass from his knee. Robert Arryn, Lord of the Eyrie and Defender of the Vale, was fidgeting impatiently in his elevated chair. â€Å"When are they going to fight?† he asked plaintively. Ser Vardis was helped back to his feet by one of his squires. The other brought him a triangular shield almost four feet tall, heavy oak dotted with iron studs. They strapped it to his left forearm. When Lysa's master-at-arms offered Bronn a similar shield, the sellsword spat and waved it away. Three days growth of coarse black beard covered his jaw and cheeks, but if he did not shave it was not for want of a razor; the edge of his sword had the dangerous glimmer of steel that had been honed every day for hours, until it was too sharp to touch. Ser Vardis held out a gauntleted hand, and his squire placed a handsome double-edged longsword in his grasp. The blade was engraved with a delicate silver tracery of a mountain sky; its pommel was a falcon's head, its crossguard fashioned into the shape of wings. â€Å"I had that sword crafted for Jon in King's Landing,† Lysa told her guests proudly as they watched Ser Vardis try a practice cut. â€Å"He wore it whenever he sat the Iron Throne in King Robert's place. Isn't it a lovely thing? I thought it only fitting that our champion avenge Jon with his own blade.† The engraved silver blade was beautiful beyond a doubt, but it seemed to Catelyn that Ser Vardis might have been more comfortable with his own sword. Yet she said nothing; she was weary of futile arguments with her sister. â€Å"Make them fight!† Lord Robert called out. Ser Vardis faced the Lord of the Eyrie and lifted his sword in salute. â€Å"For the Eyrie and the Vale!† Tyrion Lannister had been seated on a balcony across the garden, flanked by his guards. It was to him that Bronn turned with a cursory salute. â€Å"They await your command,† Lady Lysa said to her lord son. â€Å"Fight!† the boy screamed, his arms trembling as they clutched at his chair. Ser Vardis swiveled, bringing up his heavy shield. Bronn turned to face him. Their swords rang together, once, twice, a testing. The sellsword backed off a step. The knight came after, holding his shield before him. He tried a slash, but Bronn jerked back, just out of reach, and the silver blade cut only air. Bronn circled to his right. Ser Vardis turned to follow, keeping his shield between them. The knight pressed forward, placing each foot carefully on the uneven ground. The sellsword gave way, a faint smile playing over his lips. Ser Vardis attacked, slashing, but Bronn leapt away from him, hopping lightly over a low, moss-covered stone. Now the sellsword circled left, away from the shield, toward the knight's unprotected side. Ser Vardis tried a hack at his legs, but he did not have the reach. Bronn danced farther to his left. Ser Vardis turned in place. â€Å"The man is craven,† Lord Hunter declared. â€Å"Stand and fight, coward! † Other voices echoed the sentiment. Catelyn looked to Ser Rodrik. Her master-at-arms gave a curt shake of his head. â€Å"He wants to make Ser Vardis chase him. The weight of armor and shield will tire even the strongest man.† She had seen men practice at their swordplay near every day of her life, had viewed half a hundred tourneys in her time, but this was something different and deadlier: a dance where the smallest misstep meant death. And as she watched, the memory of another duel in another time came back to Catelyn Stark, as vivid as if it had been yesterday. They met in the lower bailey of Riverrun. When Brandon saw that Petyr wore only helm and breastplate and mail, he took off most of his armor. Petyr had begged her for a favor he might wear, but she had turned him away. Her lord father promised her to Brandon Stark, and so it was to him that she gave her token, a pale blue handscarf she had embroidered with the leaping trout of Riverrun. As she pressed it into his hand, she pleaded with him. â€Å"He is only a foolish boy, but I have loved him like a brother. It would grieve me to see him die.† And her betrothed looked at her with the cool grey eyes of a Stark and promised to spare the boy who loved her. That fight was over almost as soon as it began. Brandon was a man grown, and he drove Littlefinger all the way across the bailey and down the water stair, raining steel on him with every step, until the boy was staggering and bleeding from a dozen wounds. â€Å"Yield!† he called, more than once, but Petyr would only shake his head and fight on, grimly. When the river was lapping at their ankles, Brandon finally ended it, with a brutal backhand cut that bit through Petyr's rings and leather into the soft flesh below the ribs, so deep that Catelyn was certain that the wound was mortal. He looked at her as he fell and murmured â€Å"Cat† as the bright blood came flowing out between his mailed fingers. She thought she had forgotten that. That was the last time she had seen his face . . . until the day she was brought before him in King's Landing. A fortnight passed before Littlefinger was strong enough to leave Riverrun, but her lord father forbade her to visit him in the tower where he lay abed. Lysa helped their maester nurse him; she had been softer and shyer in those days. Edmure had called on him as well, but Petyr had sent him away. Her brother had acted as Brandon's squire at the duel, and Littlefinger would not forgive that. As soon as he was strong enough to be moved, Lord Hoster Tully sent Petyr Baelish away in a closed litter, to finish his healing on the Fingers, upon the windswept jut of rock where he'd been born. The ringing clash of steel on steel jarred Catelyn back to the present. Ser Vardis was coming hard at Bronn, driving into him with shield and sword. The sellsword scrambled backward, checking each blow, stepping lithely over rock and root, his eyes never leaving his foe. He was quicker, Catelyn saw; the knight's silvered sword never came near to touching him, but his own ugly grey blade hacked a notch from Ser Vardis's shoulder plate. The brief flurry of fighting ended as swiftly as it had begun when Bronn sidestepped and slid behind the statue of the weeping woman. Ser Vardis lunged at where he had been, striking a spark off the pale marble of Alyssa's thigh. â€Å"They're not fighting good, Mother,† the Lord of the Eyrie complained. â€Å"I want them to fight.† â€Å"They will, sweet baby,† his mother soothed him. â€Å"The sellsword can't run all day.† Some of the lords on Lysa's terrace were making wry jests as they refilled their wine cups, but across the garden, Tyrion Lannister's mismatched eyes watched the champions dance as if there were nothing else in the world. Bronn came out from behind the statue hard and fast, still moving left, aiming a two-handed cut at the knight's unshielded right side. Ser Vardis blocked, but clumsily, and the sellsword's blade flashed upward at his head. Metal rang, and a falcon's wing collapsed with a crunch. Ser Vardis took a half step back to brace himself, raised his shield. Oak chips flew as Bronn's sword hacked at the wooden wall. The sellsword stepped left again, away from the shield, and caught Ser Vardis across the stomach, the razor edge of his blade leaving a bright gash when it bit into the knight's plate. Ser Vardis drove forward off his back foot, his own silver blade descending in a savage arc. Bronn slammed it aside and danced away. The knight crashed into the weeping woman, rocking her on her plinth. Staggered, he stepped backward, his head turning this way and that as he searched for his foe. The slit visor of his helm narrowed his vision. â€Å"Behind you, ser!† Lord Hunter shouted, too late. Bronn brought his sword down with both hands, catching Ser Vardis in the elbow of his sword arm. The thin lobstered metal that protected the joint crunched. The knight grunted, turning, wrenching his weapon up. This time Bronn stood his ground. The swords flew at each other, and their steel song filled the garden and rang off the white towers of the Eyrie. â€Å"Ser Vardis is hurt,† Ser Rodrik said, his voice grave. Catelyn did not need to be told; she had eyes, she could see the bright finger of blood running along the knight's forearm, the wetness inside the elbow joint. Every parry was a little slower and a little lower than the one before. Ser Vardis turned his side to his foe, trying to use his shield to block instead, but Bronn slid around him, quick as a cat. The sellsword seemed to be getting stronger. His cuts were leaving their marks now. Deep shiny gashes gleamed all over the knight's armor, on his right thigh, his beaked visor, crossing on his breastplate, a long one along the front of his gorget. The moon-and-falcon rondel over Ser Vardis's right arm was sheared clean in half, hanging by its strap. They could hear his labored breath, rattling through the air holes in his visor. Blind with arrogance as they were, even the knights and lords of the Vale could see what was happening below them, yet her sister could not. â€Å"Enough, Ser Vardis!† Lady Lysa called down. â€Å"Finish him now, my baby is growing tired.† And it must be said of Ser Vardis Egen that he was true to his lady's command, even to the last. One moment he was reeling backward, half-crouched behind his scarred shield; the next he charged. The sudden bull rush caught Bronn off balance. Ser Vardis crashed into him and slammed the lip of his shield into the sellsword's face. Almost, almost, Bronn lost his feet . . . he staggered back, tripped over a rock, and caught hold of the weeping woman to keep his balance. Throwing aside his shield, Ser Vardis lurched after him, using both hands to raise his sword. His right arm was blood from elbow to fingers now, yet his last desperate blow would have opened Bronn from neck to navel . . . if the sellsword had stood to receive it. But Bronn jerked back. Jon Arryn's beautiful engraved silver sword glanced off the marble elbow of the weeping woman and snapped clean a third of the way up the blade. Bronn put his shoulder into the statue's back. The weathered likeness of Alyssa Arryn tottered and fell with a great crash, and Ser Vardis Egen went down beneath her. Bronn was on him in a heartbeat, kicking what was left of his shattered rondel aside to expose the weak spot between arm and breastplate. Ser Vardis was lying on his side, pinned beneath the broken torso of the weeping woman. Catelyn heard the knight groan as the sellsword lifted his blade with both hands and drove it down and in with all his weight behind it, under the arm and through the ribs. Ser Vardis Egen shuddered and lay still. Silence hung over the Eyrie. Bronn yanked off his halfhelm and let it fall to the grass. His lip was smashed and bloody where the shield had caught him, and his coal-black hair was soaked with sweat. He spit out a broken tooth. â€Å"Is it over, Mother?† the Lord of the Eyrie asked. No, Catelyn wanted to tell him, it's only now beginning. â€Å"Yes,† Lysa said glumly, her voice as cold and dead as the captain of her guard. â€Å"Can I make the little man fly now?† Across the garden, Tyrion Lannister got to his feet. â€Å"Not this little man,† he said. â€Å"This little man is going down in the turnip hoist, thank you very much.† â€Å"You presume—† Lysa began. â€Å"I presume that House Arryn remembers its own words,† the Imp said. â€Å"As High as Honor.† â€Å"You promised I could make him fly,† the Lord of the Eyrie screamed at his mother. He began to shake. Lady Lysa's face was flushed with fury. â€Å"The gods have seen fit to proclaim him innocent, child. We have no choice but to free him.† She lifted her voice. â€Å"Guards. Take my lord of Lannister and his . . . creature here out of my sight. Escort them to the Bloody Gate and set them free. See that they have horses and supplies sufficient to reach the Trident, and make certain all their goods and weapons are returned to them. They shall need them on the high road.† â€Å"The high road,† Tyrion Lannister said. Lysa allowed herself a faint, satisfied smile. It was another sort of death sentence, Catelyn realized. Tyrion Lannister must know that as well. Yet the dwarf favored Lady Arryn with a mocking bow. â€Å"As you command, my lady,† he said. â€Å"I believe we know the way.†

Earthquakes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Earthquakes - Research Paper Example As a result, pressure is build up where the plates collide or bend, and the rocks develop cracks or faults that allow them to release the buildup energy, because of the strain. Earthquakes can hence occur at the boundaries or even in middle of the plates, based on where the strain is build up. The paper also gives latest discoveries and unanswered question on how to tell the timing of an earthquake. Keywords: Collide, Earthquakes, Strain, Energy, Boundaries, Magnitude, Seismologists, Seismograph, Faults, Tectonic Plates Introduction Earthquakes are natural disasters that have devastating effects on the environment. They often go unnoticed, and only those with a magnitude capable of being detected are reported or felt on the earth’s surface. According to FEMA, earthquakes are sudden earth shakes or tremors that result from the shifting and breaking of subterranean rocks, as they release accumulated strain build up for a long period (n.d.). It results in immediate effects and th e secondary ones caused by the tremors. Major earthquakes are known to have occurred in Alaska, China, and Japan, but more severe cases are also common along the pacific’s known ring of fire towards the west and south coasts of USA. Millions of lives have been lost, damages worth billions of investment, and aftermath displacement of populations have been recorded over history. Geological Features of Earthquakes To understand the concept of earthquake development, one needs to go back to the study of the earth’s content. The structure of the earth can be categorized into four major components, the inner core (solid part made up of nickel and iron), the outer core (molten nickel and iron), the mantle (third layer from the inside and made up of molten rocks), and the outermost earth’s crust, which has the lightest components of all. The crust is known to host a lot of human welfares and is made up of different types of rocks depending on their origin. The thin laye r of crust and the top of the mantle make most of the earth’s surface. However, they appear as one entity, despite being made up of many entities or pieces to cover the earth surface. These pieces move around and along each other making the earth’s surface to be in a continuous slow motion. The number of pieces and their movement give the impression of pieces in a puzzle. The pieces are the tectonic plates and float on the molten rocks of the mantle. The tectonic plate theory: The entire earth is covered by Lithosphere that comprise of the continental and oceanic plates that are in constant motion. They slide over the uppermost layer of the mantle (plastic aesthenosphere), and end up causing a geological process where they interact, which explains the concept of continental drift and sea floor spreading. The tectonic plates create movements under, over, past, and away, rubbing each other along their boundaries, whose effects are plates interlocking, stretching or bendi ng where they fail to release the accumulated energy (Coppola, 2011). The boundaries of the plates are rough edges and made up of many faults from which the earthquakes initiate. When the plates collide, some of the rough boundaries interlock; the intense pressure may cause the rocks to heat up and bend to create hilly areas, or spontaneous break to form

Endocrine Disorders Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Endocrine Disorders - Term Paper Example In some diseases abnormalities occur in the gland which cause irregularity in the secretion of these thyroid hormones. The most common abnormalities of thyroid gland are hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism means the excessive secretion of thyroid hormones from thyroid gland whereas Hypothyroidism is the decreased secretion of thyroid hormone from thyroid gland. ETIOLOGY Graves disease is an autoimmune disease whereas Myxedema is a disease caused by hypothyroidism. In autoimmune diseases our immune system produces antibodies against our own organs or organ system. In Graves disease our immune system produces antibodies against thyroid gland which increase the secretion of the thyroxine from thyroid gland. These antibodies are called thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI). Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins bind to the receptor and imitate the action of thyroid stimulating hormone in releasing thyroxine from the thyroid gland. The effect of thyroid stimulating immuno globulin is excessive and causes increased production and secretion of thyroxine from the thyroid gland. Another type of immunoglobulin that is formed by our immune system against the thyroid gland also acts on the TSH receptors and stimulates the growth of thyroid gland excessively. These immunoglobulins are known as thyroid growth stimulating immunoglobulins (TGI). These antibodies are the primary cause because of which Graves Disease occurs in an individual. Myxedema on the other hand is a condition caused by hypothyroidism and not hyperthyroidism which is seen patients with Graves Disease. The reason for which edema occurs in hypothyroidism is not clearly known but it is said that the increased deposition of chondrioton sulphate and hyaluronic acid in interstitial spaces causes it. The causes of hypothyroidism that eventually lead to myxedema are autoimmune diseases, thyroiditis or surgically removed thyroid gland. In other words Myxedema is a condition caused by lack of thyroid hormones whereas Graves Disease itself leads to excess activity of the thyroid gland. Myxedema and Graves Disease are both concerned with the abnormality of the thyroid gland. SYMPTOMS The patients suffering from Graves disease show diffuse hyperplasia of thyroid, anxiety and tremor of hands. The patient also loses weight and suffers from muscle weakness. The patient will experience extreme fatigue but will be unable to sleep properly. The skin of the patient will be soft and warm. Intolerance to heat and extreme sweating are also seen in the patients suffering from Graves disease. Increased gastrointestinal tract motility also occurs which leads to mal-absorption of food and diarrhea. Exophthalmos is also seen in these patients which is the protrusion of eyeball. The patients with myxedema on the other hand show sluggishness in mental and physical activity. The patients suffering from myxedema show difficulty in speech and intolerance to cold. Sympathetic activity is decreased whi ch in turn decreases the gastrointestinal motility and sweating. The decreased gastrointestinal motility in turn causes constipation. Due to decreased sympathetic activity the blood flow in these patients is low and so the patients looks pale. These patients have coarse facial features and enlarged tongue. The voice becomes deep in myxedema. TREATMENT In Graves disease the

Globalization of Trade and Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Globalization of Trade and Commerce - Essay Example This is the Globalization of trades and manufacturing. Companies are now expanding their operations by either opening branches or setting up manufacturing units in other countries. As this is happening across all countries it is now common to see almost all known brands available in every region of the world. The marketplace is getting bigger and both the consumer and the companies profit out of this proliferation of goods and services across the globe. These expansions have brought in better profits and higher performances. MNC’s have also diversified and added to their product and service portfolios. There are several reasons why diversification has resulted in better performance. But markets are not entirely integrated, therefore there are regional imbalances. These are the results of some protection that the local governments exercise in the name of protection of their local industries. By operating in more than one international market the MNC’s are able to balance out the regional imbalances caused by local macroeconomic factors. As a result, MNC’s experience greater market performance since investors recognizes and reward stable performance (Shaked 1986). The shareholders are favorable to those companies that are able to reap the profits by expanding their operations to more market. As a result, a greater spread across international markets reduces their overall risk and in turn, this has a beneficial effect on corporate performance (Caves 1982). Moreover, international diversification offers cost advantages as well as added production competence in its own field with an increase in economies of scale (Buhner 1987) Expansion of business is both natural progression as well as the desire of corporates to reach larger audiences. But expansion means starting new ventures afresh or building new factories and attending to various initial hazards. In order to expand, an easy and quick route now adopted is Consolidations.  

Canadian farming industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Canadian farming industry - Essay Example Before arriving at a conclusion on Canadian agricultural amongst different types of farmers. This distinction could be made by the banks between various types of farmers while evaluating their loan applications. Canadian heritage in agriculture depends on an integral role played by the traditional or life style farmers. The traditional farmers are alarmingly closing their hereditary agricultural business owing larger competition from larger farmers and increasing costs of inputs. In Canada, the rural migration is on increasing level since 1991. The average persons in general, who leave small town of rural area, possess higher educational qualification. It is clear that rural areas in Canada are not behind in terms of services and quality of work available. Farmers are subject to variable weather conditions of natural disaster should save and keep investment during the period of profit so they may or do not become bankrupt during the period of downswings. Despite of assistance from organizations such as income disaster assistance program, the agricultural farmers ability to stand up their legs is not improving since the profit of small farmers are shrinking so quickly as the expenditure put on harvest grows every year. Revenues form farm products are not keeping pace with escalating cost of equipments, fertilizer, transportation and pesticides. The prices food items are quietly unrelated to the expenditure put in cultivating, transporting processing and selling the food. Recent floods and droughts have made the established farmers to become debtors though they have borrowed money and invested the same in equipment and land. There are delays in getting government funds, which are in adequate to meet these types of natural calamities. There are no private insurance companies to cover insurance of farms from weather-related catastrophes. The small farmers are the looser of these natural calamities in rural Canada. Like any other traders or businessmen, farmers can ensure long term growth and stability through proper planning in changing market conditions during the periods of floods and drought so that they may not depend on the assistance and support of government. The banks are prepared to advance loans to farmers for expanding their farms or starting farms under close supervision of bankers to put the farmers on right path to success though great risk is involved. The bankers visit farms once in a year assess the progress of the investment by farmers. The farmers with a formal, viable business plan are likely to get funds form banks. In farm field, many problems are attributed to Canadian consumers refusal to recognize and pay for value added to the products produced by the small farmers. Because of this, the farmers are not able recover their investments and expenses through sales which tends them to expect government subsidies to support them. The farmers are not in a position to bear the smallest price increase in power tariff. Ontario federation of agriculture are successful in lobbying in reduction of sales tax on farm products, working with county federations to reduce or remove municipal development charges on agricultural on to buildings, reduction in electricity charges. In Canada there are

Research paper of a scholary published creative problem solving

Of a scholary published creative problem solving process - Research Paper Example Large corporations and small businesses can use creative problem-solving methods to re-think old approaches to production and build new approaches. The important aspect of creative problem-solving is that it encourages individuals to share their ideas with a workgroup, and that it recognizes the need of managers to facilitate this popularly in the office or work environment to foster change and improvement in operations. Without management trained in creative problem-solving and seeking to develop intra-office communication through knowledge-sharing, there is unlikely to be any new development or change in the way day-to- day operations in a business are conducted. From this and practical experience in the field, it is evident that creative problem-solving is most effective in business groups or industries which need to innovate to survive or have a competitive advantage over other similar businesses, for these situations require an awareness of the challenges of the industry placed continually to the forefront in order to keep vibrancy and dynamism in the workplace ongoing. In the first case study referenced, Vidal, Mulet, & Gomez-Senent (2004) discuss the â€Å"Effectiveness of the Means of Expression in Creative Problem-solving in Design Groups† based on this important need to challenge work groups to innovate and come up with new ideas for advertising-related careers. The first part of effective management is to knowing clearly the requirements of the job, and for a project manager in publishing or software development, this extends to knowing the requirements of every person’s job as well as communicating to the employees precisely what their responsibilities are in the workplace. However, the case has been made by industry insiders with years of practical management experience in advertising, media, and publishing, that creative campaign projects such as those found in design, magazine and television publishing require a unique management st rategy that is different from that of industrial activity or scientific research. Creative problem-solving approaches the ground of every business and communication problem as unique to the work environment and community engaged. Through this, the discipline can work with the management team and staff on premises to build an improved flow of communication that encourages workers in sharing ideas between each other in order to stimulate a more dynamic, creative process in the office. While it is easily understandable that disciplines such as design and publishing have their own unique need for creativity in the workforce, creative problem-solving as a management technique can be implemented in innumerable situations across all sectors of business and industry. The essential quality of creative problem-solving is that it frees up communication between individuals in channels that had not been previously open, welcome, or understood. In the example of the R. L. Reid study, â€Å"Creat ive Problem-solving Speeds Illinois Tollway Work† (2006), the management technique can even be put into effect in bridging the communication problems that separate workers from the public at large. The reason for this is that creative problem-solving as a management technique operates on the actual terms of the question or problem at hand,

Four steps of a formal control system Research Paper

Four steps of a formal control system - Research Paper Example Measurement of performance entails activities such as the counting of the number of products or units created, distributed or the amount of cash inflows, outflows and income earned. To measure performance, the requisite data must be collected. The sources of this data could be observation of production activities, written reports from supervisors or managers, and oral reports from employees. Thus, organizations should have skilled staffs to collect and analyze the relevant data. Luckily, the current technological advances and computerization have made it easier for organizations to collect and analyze data and give reports in formats that are easily understood. In addition to making analysis easier, technology has decreased the cost of data handling processes for organizations. Once performance is measured, the findings should be handed over to the right persons to take the recommended courses of action. This handover must be done in time for the timely rectification of discrepancies or variations. The measured performance should then be compared with the standards set at the first step. This exercise is referred to as performance evaluation, to establish the extent to which the standards are met or the objectives are achieved. The impacts of variations or deviations in performance from standards vary across industries and across departments in an organization. For sensitive manufacturing processes, a slight deviation could be detrimental to product quality, thus, to customer satisfaction and loyalty.

PPD3 Career Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

PPD3 Career Management - Essay Example The second behavioral characteristics depicts a higher consciousness over liking and my personality is displayed as being more authentic and vigilant rather than relying on personal senses over definite vital matters. The third behavioral characteristic that I possess includes modest reasoning over sentiments. This aspect depicts my considerate nature on decision making rather than concentrating on my deeds to straightforward attitudes and self-made perspective. The SHL capability field demonstrates few areas where I have anticipated suitability while the others show major flaws. Decision making, conceptualization and managing are my major flaws areas. To sum up, I need to succeed in the information technology area as I have shown an average score. Despite of being capable of satisfying few applications in IT, I require to show excellence in these areas. I require a great performance scope in this practical field (Wanberg, Kanfer and Banas, 2000). I believe that it is increasingly important to possess certain skills that will help me to get a better job, to accomplish something and to open new horizons which will add to my professional abilities (Sturges, Conway, Guest and Liefooghe, 2005). I have obtained my personal skills from my knowledge, experience and communication. The table below depicts my skills audit results. It shows that I have strong communication skills including listening skills, presentation skills and feedback skills. I also have innovative problem solving skills such as describing an analytical problem, realising reasons of a problem and develop creative option to solve such problems. To sum up, it can be stated that many new technological developments have transformed the personal knowledge management. The personal and professional audit depicts the possibilities of a person and also the equivalent perspectives. Many jobs that offer us the right experience for

Film Critique Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Film Critique - Movie Review Example The three main women characters in the film are: Margaret Tate (Sandra Bullock), Gertrude (Malin Akerman) and Grandma Annie "Gammy" (Betty White). One can easily identify that these female characters are different in their roles. For instance, Margaret Tate is dominating, Gertrude is down to earth, and Grandma Annie represents the upper crust. But Krevolin (2011), points out that â€Å"For an example of an energeiac structure that didn’t work, take the Sandra Bullock romantic comedy, The Proposal† (p. 69). This comment does not prove that the film was a flop within the film field. Margaret Tate, working as an editor in a book publishing company is the central female character in the film. One can easily identify that her life is fully immersed in the field of book publishing industry. Her role in the film is as a dominating character that is able to control all her subordinates including Andrew Paxton, her subordinate. Etaugh & Bridges makes clear that â€Å"Many women seek to achieve success and better their own lives through individual efforts† (p. 467). Her attitude towards her subordinates irritates them but she does not consider changing her attitude. In the film, her function is to be a bold lady with immense power to control her subordinates according to her will. Meanwhile, she came to know that the authorities are going to deport her to Canada. But she was not ready to give up and decided to seek the help of her subordinate, Andrew Paxton. But Etaugh & Bridges makes clear about gender equality that â€Å"As more and more women attain levels o f power currently held by men, gender equality will begin to affect other areas† (p.461). Later, she went to Sitka to prove that she is married to Andrew Paxton. This incident proves that Margaret Tate is ready to face challenges in her life. In the opening of the film, Margaret Tate is presented as an

Classical Music and Jazz Music Essay Example for Free

Classical Music and Jazz Music Essay Music has always been an important element for the humanity. Exist many different kinds of music. For purpose of this paper I’m going to compare classical music with jazz music. This two types of music belong to the category of complex art music. A comparison of classical and jazz music yield some similarities and different and could also lead to an appreciation of this two important category of music. The music called classical, was found in stores and performed regularly by symphonies around the world, in the time of 1600 up to the present. Unlike jazz was found in the early 1900 as some dance band leaders in the southern U.S. began playing this type of music that combined ragtime and blues. Most of the major composer of the classical music until the 20th century were Europeans and the jazz was exposed first by two musicians. Both type of music were know on different parts of Europe. In classical music, both large orchestras and small ensemble are used. The largest part of the orchestra consist of the string section consisting of violins, violas, cellos, string basses and wind instruments. On the other hand jazz music can be played by small group of people. In jazz they use different instruments like clarinet, tuba, cornet, baritone, drums and piano. Similarly to classical music, jazz used some wind instruments. In addition we have a different of audience of this two kind of music. The jazz music attracts an really cultural and hip audience. This is because jazz concerts usually are in opens spaces around the world and in night clubs and you don’t need to pay a ticket to go and appreciate the music. Unlike classical music attracts more elite and rich people. This is because the concerts of classical music are on different amphitheaters and closed spaces and you need to pay for a expensive ticket. To conclude, we can say that this to types of music have their unique style, but both of them represents two approaches to Art Music. This two types of music are important and carry a great and special history. Also this to type of music, allow people to relax while hearing this music. If I need to pick between this two types of music, I prefer the jazz music because is more accessibly for us and it’s transmit more emotions.

Characteristics of a Failed State

Characteristics of a Failed State The termÂÂ  failed stateÂÂ  is often used to describe a stateÂÂ  perceived as having failed at some of the basic conditions and responsibilities of aÂÂ  sovereign government. In order to make this definition more precise, the following attributes, are often used to characterize a failed state: loss of physical control of its territory, or of the monopoly on the legitimate use of physical forceÂÂ  therein, erosion of legitimate authority to make collective decisions, an inability to provide reasonable public services, and An inability to interact with other states as a full member of the international community Common characteristics of aÂÂ  failing stateÂÂ  include a central government so weak or ineffective that it has little practical control over much of its territory; non-provision of public services; widespread corruption and criminality; refugees and involuntary movement of populations; and sharp economic decline A state could be said to succeed if it maintains, in the words ofÂÂ  Max Weber, aÂÂ  monopoly on the legitimate use of physical forceÂÂ  within its borders. When this is broken (e.g., through the dominant presence ofÂÂ  warlords,ÂÂ  paramilitaryÂÂ  groups, orÂÂ  terrorism), the very existence of the state becomes dubious, and the state becomes aÂÂ  failed state. The difficulty of determining whether a government maintains a monopoly on the legitimate use of force (which includes the problems of the definition of legitimate) means it is not clear precisely when a state can be said to have failed. This problem of legitimacy can be solved by understanding what Weber intended by it. Weber clearly explains that only the state has the means of production necessary for physical violence (politics as vocation). This means that the state does not require legitimacy for achieving monopoly on the means of violence (de facto) but will need one if it needs to use it (de jure). The term is also used in the sense of a state that has been rendered ineffective (i.e., has nominal military/police control over its territory only in the sense of having no armed opposition groups directly challenging state authority; in short, the no news is good news approach) and is not able to enforce its laws uniformly because of high crime rates, extremeÂÂ  political corruption, an extensiveÂÂ  informal market, impenetrable bureaucracy, judicial ineffectiveness, military interference in politics, cultural situations in which traditional leaders wield more power than the state over a certain area but do not compete with the state, or a number of other factors. TheÂÂ  Crisis States Research CentreÂÂ  defines a failed state as a condition of state collapse -ÂÂ  i.e., aÂÂ  stateÂÂ  that can no longer perform its basic security and development functions and that has no effective control over its territory and borders. A failed state is one that can no longer reproduce the conditions for its own existence. This term is used in very contradictory ways in the policy community (for instance, there is a tendency to label a poorly performing state as failed a tendency the Crisis States Research Centre rejects). The opposite of a failed state is an enduring state and the absolute dividing line between these two conditions is difficult to ascertain at the margins. Even in a failed state, some elements of the state, such as local state organisations, might continue to exist. Indicators of state vulnerability The indexs ranks are based on twelve indicators of state vulnerability four social, two economic and six political. The indicators are not designed to forecast when states may experience violence or collapse. Instead, they are meant to measure a states vulnerability to collapse or conflict. All countries in the red (Alert, FSI of 90 or more), orange (Warning, FSI of 60 or more), or yellow (Moderate, FSI of 30 or more) categories display some features that make parts of their societies and institutions vulnerable to failure. Some in the yellow zone may be failing at a faster rate than those in the more dangerous orange or red zones, and therefore could experience violence sooner. Conversely, some in the red zone, though critical, may exhibit some positive signs of recovery or be deteriorating slowly, giving them time to adopt mitigating strategies. Social indicators Demographic pressures:ÂÂ  including the pressures deriving from high population density relative to food supply and other life-sustaining resources. The pressure from a populations settlement patterns and physical settings, including border disputes, ownership or occupancy of land, access to transportation outlets, control of religious or historical sites, and proximity to environmental hazards. Massive movement of refugees and internally displaced peoples:ÂÂ  forced uprooting of large communities as a result of random or targeted violence and/or repression, causing food shortages, disease, lack of clean water, land competition, and turmoil that can spiral into larger humanitarian and security problems, both within and between countries. Legacy of vengeance-seeking group grievance:ÂÂ  based on recent or past injustices, which could date back centuries. Including atrocities committed with impunity against communal groups and/or specific groups singled out by state authorities, or by dominant groups, for persecution or repression. Institutionalized political exclusion. PublicÂÂ  scapegoatingÂÂ  of groups believed to have acquired wealth, status or power as evidenced in the emergence of hate radio, pamphleteering and stereotypical or nationalistic political rhetoric. Chronic and sustained human flight:ÂÂ  both the brain drain of professionals, intellectuals and political dissidents and voluntary emigration of the middle class. Growth of exile/expatcommunities are also used as part of this indicator. [edit]Economic indicators Uneven economic development along group lines:ÂÂ  determined by group-based inequality, or perceived inequality, in education, jobs, and economic status. Also measured by group-based poverty levels, infant mortality rates, and education levels. Sharp and/or severe economic decline:ÂÂ  measured by a progressive economic decline of the society as a whole (using: per capita income, GNP, debt, child mortality rates, poverty levels, business failures.) A sudden drop in commodity prices, trade revenue, foreign investment or debt payments. Collapse or devaluation of the national currency and a growth of hidden economies, including the drug trade, smuggling, and capital flight. Failure of the state to pay salaries of government employees and armed forces or to meet other financial obligations to its citizens, such as pension payments. Political indicators Criminalization and/or delegitimisation of the state:ÂÂ  endemic corruption or profiteering by ruling elites and resistance to transparency, accountability and political representation. Includes any widespread loss of popular confidence in state institutions and processes. Progressive deterioration of public services:ÂÂ  a disappearance of basic state functions that serve the people, including failure to protect citizens from terrorism and violence and to provide essential services, such as health, education, sanitation, public transportation. Also using the state apparatus for agencies that serve the ruling elites, such as the security forces, presidential staff, central bank, diplomatic service, customs and collection agencies. Widespread violation of human rights:ÂÂ  an emergence of authoritarian, dictatorial or military rule in which constitutional and democratic institutions and processes are suspended or manipulated. Outbreaks of politically inspired (as opposed to criminal) violence against innocent civilians. A rising number of political prisoners or dissidents who are denied due process consistent with international norms and practices. Any widespread abuse of legal, political and social rights, including those of individuals, groups or cultural institutions (e.g., harassment of the press, politicization of the judiciary, internal use of military for political ends, public repression of political opponents, religious or cultural persecution.) Security apparatus as state within a state:ÂÂ  an emergence of elite orÂÂ  praetorian guardsÂÂ  that operate with impunity. Emergence of state-sponsored or state-supported private militias that terrorize political opponents, suspected enemies, or civilians seen to be sympathetic to the opposition. An army within an army that serves the interests of the dominant military or political clique. Emergence of rival militias, guerrilla forces or private armies in an armed struggle or protracted violent campaigns against state security forces. Rise of factionalised elites:ÂÂ  a fragmentation of ruling elites and state institutions along group lines. Use of aggressive nationalistic rhetoric by ruling elites, especially destructive forms of communalÂÂ  irredentismÂÂ  (e.g., Greater Serbia) or communal solidarity (e.g., ethnic cleansing, defending the faith). Intervention of other states or external factors:ÂÂ  military or Para-military engagement in the internal affairs of the state at risk by outside armies, states, identity groups or entities that affect the internal balance of power or resolution of the conflict. Intervention by donors, especially if there is a tendency towards over-dependence on foreign aid or peacekeeping missions.

Physiological Effects Of Chronic Stress On Personality Psychology Essay

Physiological Effects Of Chronic Stress On Personality Psychology Essay Stress can cause physical effects to a persons body and mind. Stress may have an effect on blood pressure, blood sugar levels, increased heartbeat, and a lower digestive rate. On a physical level stress can produce shoulder, back, and neck muscle tension, stomach and bowel upset, and if the stressful state persists over a long period of time it can lead to the weakening of the immune system (What are the Effects of Stress, 2007). Stress affects a person psychologically by causing a decrease in concentration, moodiness, irritability, quick temper, unreasonable anger, less memory recall, less patience difficulty making decisions, and uncertainty towards the future due to not being able to cope with the present. If stress continues for a long period of time, it may lead to depression, crying, apathy, overall sense of doom, fear of failure, and a loss of confidence (What are the Effects of Stress, 2007). There have been many studies done that have researched the effects of stress on the mind and body. The causes of stress and the effects that it has on a persons mind and body are numerous. Some of these will be looked at in detail here. Job stress is one that can lead to various system dysfunctions, but until now no reliable biomarkers for its assessment have been identified. Allostatic load (AL) is an index that allows the cumulative effect on the body of chronic stress to be reviewed, and is derived from a set of relevant biological measures. In a study done by Sun, Wang, Zhang and Li (2007), a 13-parameter index was used to examine the relationship between job strain and AL. Participants were 1219 healthy Chinese employees. Job strain was measured using the Job Content Questionnaire, and AL was assessed by various possible stress responses, including blood pressure, cholesterol, indicators of glucose metabolism, and hormone and inflammation markers. AL in the high job strain group differed sharply from that in the low job strain group. The AL score was positively linked with age and educational level. Several individual factors also differed between the two groups. Men scored considerably higher on AL and cardiovascular and metabolic health outcomes, whereas for women the associations appeared in the biological indicators. Analyses showed that decision latitude (DL) and job demands were extensively related to AL. Job demands connected significantly with the primary biological indicators and DL with the secondary health outcomes. The conclusion of this study provided evidence of the value of measuring allostatic load in assessing the chronic effects of job stress. Job strain was positively and significantly associated with higher body mass index, systolic blood pressure, serum levels of TG, TC/HDL, and overnight excretion of cortisol. It was also found that long-term chronic stress may lead to neuroendocrine perturbations that may have consequences for blood pressure and obesity (Sun, Wang, Zhang and Li, 2007). Nursing is an emotionally demanding job and this contributes to interactive stress and to the daily stress of nurses work. In addition, stress leads to more emotion focused coping which is not constructive and causes nurses to seek social support. Stress is a normal reaction to a range of circumstances but can have negative consequences, one of which is emotional exhaustion; it has been demonstrated that factors leading to stress, such as increasing patient load, also lead to emotional exhaustion. The aim of a study done by Watson, Gardiner, Hogston, Gibson, Stimpson, Wrate and Deary, 2009), was to examine how a range of demographic, personal, circumstantial/environmental factors and stress contribute to differences in psychological distress in newly qualified nurses and nursing students. Psychological distress, stress levels and life events are all associated within time and across time. It was shown that life events and stress contributed significantly to psychological distress. S tress, adverse life events, individual traits and psychological distress are all interrelated. The first scientific report regarding physiologic responses to stress was actually submitted in response to Walter Cannons study on the results of stress on the esophagus in 1896. It was during his first year as a Harvard medical student, he had been given the task to investigate the mechanisms of swallowing by taking advantage of the newly discovered Roentgen rays. These x-rays could show a faint image of inner body structures using a fluoroscope, but it was essential to sit in a very dark room or wear red goggles to get the best pictures. Cannon included bismuth in foods since it was opaque and blocked x-rays, which noticeably improved his ability to differentiate the peristaltic motion of waves that progressively propelled the contents of the gut forward. Bismuth was subsequently replaced by barium sulfate, which was less toxic, and is still used in GI series, barium enemas and other x-ray imaging procedures today (Rosch, 2007). His study showed that there was a definite connectio n between stress and the way in which the esophagus functioned. Chronic psychosocial stress can lead to a destructive, self-perpetuating cascade of neuroendocrine, metabolic, inflammatory, and neuropsychological changes that promote the development of insulin resistance syndrome (IRS), atherosclerosis, and ultimately, cardiovascular disease (CVD). Chronic stress and related psychosocial factors can exert a powerful influence on the pathogenesis of both IRS and CVD. Given the importance of neuropsychological factors and sympathetic activation in the development of insulin-resistant states and the synergistic, mutually exacerbating effects of these and other IRS-related risk factors, mind-body therapies may have considerable potential in the prevention and management of CVD (Innes, Vincent and Taylor, 2007). Anxiety and tension encourage the release of stress hormones like adrenaline, norepinephrine and cortisol into the body. This is fine when dealing with short-term stressors, but when a person sustains a high stress level for an extended time, these hormones begin to interfere with the bodys natural healing abilities. Over an extended period of time, a high level of stress can weaken tendons and ligaments, thin bones, cause muscle spasms, elevate blood pressure, increase cholesterol production and disrupt digestion, among many other negative effects (Dennis, 2004). Recent studies have shown that stress or distress may have a significant effect on the onset, the course, and the management of many, if not all, diseases. Being able to understand a patients underlying stress physiology and coping mechanisms may help physicians to better understand various clinical disorders and treat their manifested symptoms (Selhub, 2002). The primary-care physician can learn to address and recognize distress by first understanding the concept of stress itself. Not just a result of medical illness, stress is ever present. In the workplace, while driving, while speaking on the phone, while visiting the doctors office, or while watching world events transpire on television, individuals experience stress or feel threatened daily. These threats or stressors can be as minor as a change in the weather and the threat of being late, to more severe stressors, such as physical or emotional trauma or abuse. The mind does not distinguish between physical, psychological, or emotional threats and every time a threat is perceived, the physical response is virtually automatic; a response that is activated in order to help the individual adapt to stressors and survive. In fact, stress and the stress response are inherent to life. The response helps individuals rise out of bed in the morning, prevents them from being late to work, and a llows them to be accomplished and to succeed. The response enables wounds to heal, athletes to run marathons, and individuals to survive traumas (Selhub, 2002). Often, the stress response is neither well regulated nor contained and pathological consequences arise. Constant elevations in blood pressure and blood volume can result in wall thickening and tears. Excess production of fatty acids and glucose may lead to deposition in these tears and formation of atherosclerotic plaques, eventually resulting in atherosclerotic heart disease. Constant muscle tension and/or inflammatory activation may instigate various pain and musculoskeletal disorders. Chronic production of cortisol can lead to immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to infection and, some believe, tumors. Lack of blood flow to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and an increase in hydrochloric acid secretion may result in destruction of mucosal wall barriers and formation of peptic ulcer disease. Continuous production of cortisol may also decrease the availability of tryptophan, the precursor for serotonin, resulting in depression, other mood disorders, and changes in appetite and sleep. Hyperactivity of the stress response has been implicated in the pathophysiology of melancholic depression, anxiety, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, substance abuse, eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, and cardiovascular disease. Conversely, hyporeactivity of the stress response has been associated with disorders such as atypical depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, hypothyroidism, and obesity (Selhub, 2002). It has been shown that there is a definite connection between chronic stress and physical and psychological responses in the body. Stress in small amounts is fine, but chronic stress over a long extended period of time has been shown to manifest itself in a number of different physical and physiological aliments. It is believed by many experts that people should take steps to decrease their stress levels in order to fight off the ailments that are sure to follow.

A Child Called It By Dave Pelzer :: essays research papers

A Child Called It was about the struggles of a young boy named Dave Pelzer. Dave was put through hard times and at some point lost hope in his dreams and doubted the humanity of mankind, but in the end because of his strong will he was able to overcome his problems and make a better life for himself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Dave was younger him and his brothers, Ronald and Stan were happy in a normal family with a loving mom and dad, but as years passed things started to change. Dave’s parents became alcoholics. His father never came home and his mother had lost her brightness and love of life, resorting to alcohol to get through the day. She became miserable to live with. Although she became mean to the kids she focused her anger on Dave. At first she would pit his brothers against him or make him do many chores, but soon her meanness turned to hatred towards Dave.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To her Dave was now just a slave and an â€Å"it† she referred to him as â€Å"the boy†. Although sometimes Dave’s father would try to help him or defend him in arguments he would always give in to Dave’s mother. At a young age Dave had to learn how to play games with his mother as a sort of survival tactic to stay alive in his household. Besides telling her child that she hated him and wished him dead Dave’s mother put him through tremendous physical pain and abuse. From a young child till the fifth grade Dave Pelzer had been made to sleep away from the family in the basement in a small army cot. He was starved for days and days on end. His mother longed for any time to severely beat him, it made her day, she would think of morbid things all day to do to him when he got home from school. Among many other things, Dave Pelzer was; stabbed, made to drink ammonia, bleach, and dishwashing detergent, made to sit in a bathroom for hours with many chemicals creating a small gas chamber, put in freezing cold water for hours with just his nose sticking out of the tub, burnt on an open fire on the stove, and made to eat his little brother’s dirty diaper. These were only some of the torturous things his mother could think of to do to her little boy.

Poltics in America - Without Tolerance, Nothing will be Accomplished Es

Poltics in America - Without Tolerance, Nothing will be Accomplished Donald Kaul, a Tribune Media Syndicate’s newspaper veteran of twenty five years, can be said to be famous for his often sarcastic but astute observations on everything from campaign reform to "Who Wants to be a Millionaire." Occasionally a letter to the editor appears in the newspaper protesting his remarks, usually from a self-proclaimed, right-wing conservative calling him a "bleeding heart liberal." What exactly do these terms mean, however? Are they absolute in what they represent? In general, a conservative opposes social programs and government intervention in business practices. They usually stress Judeo-Christian values as a solution to most issues. Conservatives are opposed to affirmative action, unions, and taxation-- especially of the rich, since they are the ones who provide jobs for the rest. A liberal believes government intervention is necessary to provide all people with equal opportunities before the law. Their most sacred tenets are progr essive taxation, welfare, and public education. Liberals stress diversity and individual civil rights. Donald Kaul exhibits more traits of a liberal, although he is a moderate in his beliefs. The subject matter in the articles analyzed were the separation of church and state, gun control, environmental protection, capital punishment, and the rivalry between Republicans and Clinton.The subjects Kaul writes about are not regional at all;...

Gated Communities in Istanbul

The background Istanbul is one of the outstanding concern, Cultural, tourer and transit hubs in Europe every bit good as the Middle East which besides contributes 22 per cent of Turkey’s GDP with 17.8 per cent of the national population. ( 21 ) The economic activity is rooted geographically and historically as the instance with many planetary metropoliss. From the Ottoman period, Istanbul has been the major metropolis in term of societal moral force and economic activity. In The wake of the Second World War, the industrial capital throughout the patriot and develop mentalist clip with experiment of big inward migration. The rapid enlargement is chiefly through spreading outwardsgecekonducolonies near the mill on the traveling borders of Istanbul which displaced the manifestation of the aureate age of informal urbanisation. Whereas, with the debut of the Neoliberal scheme which started from the 1980s, it has entered into a new phase that the shot of nation’s integrating into supranational capitalist kineticss is focused on Istanbul. ( book ) At that period of clip, the luxury upper category residential country and globalising commercial infinites spread outwards of the metropolis ; Meanwhile,gecekonducolonies have con tinued to turn. Thus, the great disparity of income, wealth and power deepen in Istanbul as the city expressed in spacial segregations ( book ; keyder2005 ) It could reason that planetary capitalist economy is the beginning of centralisation and backdown for the form of growing. In the recent decennaries, Istanbul has been considered by Turkish capital and province as a supranational regional economic Centre, assisting Turkey to take a farther measure into internationalisation and planetary capitalist economy as the fiscal hub for the East and the West. ( ppt ) To implement the acceleration, the Istanbul Metropolitan Planning ( IMP ) was established by the JDP authorities. There are two indispensable purposes for the planning authorization ; the first is to deconcentrate the fabrication industry towards outskirts of the built-up country. The 2nd is to transform the cardinal metropolis towards finance services, up-market ingestion, so traveling the growing of up-market utilizations from the outskirts to the Centre. ( book ) These transmutation besides led of import functional alterations in the cardinal metropolis like Emine °S ? Which was the city’s oldest concern centre now lost its production and service maps but act as great touristic and cultural roles.17 The chief intervention for the spacial restructuring is through large-scale urban renovation which including the three big havens at Zeytinburnu, Haydarpasa and Galata are for trade centre. Meanwhile, the new bomber centre is located in the outer of both sides of the metropolis to suit the lower degree and more local commercial activity to guarantee the cardinal metropolis to be available for high degree concern sectors. The internationalized utilizations for renovation of cardinal metropolis proceed partially on empty land in the cardinal metropolis which owned by the public authorization. At the same clip, the IMP has seen a ‘rent gap’ in rundown residential countries with hapless dwellers so in the interior metropolis, these countries are targeted as major planned regeneration undertakings. First, be aftering in the country where the historic edifices in metropolis centre that occupied by the cultural minority of all categories who were expelled in the 1920s from the state by the nationalist government. Second, be aftering in the country where thegecekonducolonies built by immigrants in the past 50 old ages which means they are composed to travel out. Before, these dwellers who work in these countries are largely employed in informal service sectors and small-scale economic improvisation in the cardinal metropolis. Even more worse, because of the planetary crisis the unskilled occupat ions are difficult to happen for support, the impairment of poorness happens with the cultural and societal background of recent migrators like Kurdish migrators, the Roma population of Sulukule, African refugees. Therefore, without rubric to the land, these people are unable to take part in the increasing market-oriented lodging economic system. ( rhenium ) The menace is non merely for the income polarisationa?† a?- but besides it affected societal, cultural, and spacial exclusion and possibly a lasting sub-proletariat. ( Re ) For illustration, in recent regeneration undertaking in the Sulukule territory which is one of the oldest Roma vicinities been occupied by Anatolian Gypsies since Byzantine times will replace the edifice with Ottoman manner Villa. It is the MHA led undertaking that propose a 100 edifice are to be demolished with all 620 the renters are evicted. The two options is either to purchase new flat at a high monetary value or purchase societal lodging units in the outskirts of the metropolis at below- market rates but it is 45km off, therefore it become truly dearly-won and hard to entree to employment in the metropolis centre. The other similar regeneration projectikucukcekmece, to bring forth tremendous residential developments which close to a new planned commercial growing country in the outer West of the Istanbul. The MHA has constructed a immense increased denseness of 100,000 lodging unites with ingestion infinite. ( book ) However, the MHA demolished old 2000 homesteader colonies which move the proprietors to societal lodging in less valuable countries. The poorest tenants were neglect when they couldn’t pay the monetary value for the provided units. ? ? ? Thegecekonducolonies are consolidated. The Mass Housing Administration participated in this development by concept high-rise residential units for low income groups in outskirts of the metropolis and some of the Original occupants could go forth the old vicinity and take for middle-class residential developments. Alliances happened for the last 15 old ages and profited from the development. As a consequence, the metropolis could stop up with an tremendous bubble of extra existent estate ( 49 ) ? ? ? ? ? In Istanbul there are more than half illegally edifices where big population growing was accommodated on these productions of colonies. For the terminal of populism it demonstrated that land had eventually become a commodityiREi?†°which of course become favourable for guess as more and more land was pulled into the market sphere. However, the planetary moving ridge of bad investing in these tremendous developments make up one's minding the spacial enlargement of the urban metropolis. ( 49 ) In the 1980s, the earlier stage of the planetary vision was chiefly driven by the Turkish beginning pudding stone capital. The new unit of ammunition of urban globalisation is non merely driven by existent estate but besides a cultural undertaking. However, it could still reason that the renovation docket to turn metropolis infinites into the profitable Assets ; meanwhile, to accommodate the demands of spread outing wealth or for touristry, for commercial utilizations. ( 49 ) The planetary Investors are attracted to the quickly increased consumer demand for high-quality lodging, commercial apace and cultural touristry in the most profitable country. ? ? ? ? As a consequence, It can be seen in a 5.5 km2 big renovation undertaking, maestro planned by Zaha Hadid, in the Kartal territory along the Marmara shore which hosts 100 industrial mill. The former Mayor of Kartal had indicated the program to pull US $ 5 billion from planetary investors to develop a yacht marina accommodating 1,000 boats with Hotels, place and residential country. These sort of transmutation rely on the confederation of national and local political purpose and economic involvements, moreover it is besides depended on the graduated table and range with planetary capital entered the metropolis. ( 49 ) The comparative economic alteration is the world that modern urban developments have homogenized edifice signifiers. The standardisation has progressed because of the edifice can be globally traded which are every bit the same in all topographic points. The societal effects of standardisation is the consequence of homogeneousness in reinforced signifier affects segregation it is efficient to build full communities destined for certain societal groups. 12 Gated communities appeared in Turkey in the 1980s as of import undertaking of urban transmutation and enlargement in the metropolis which driven by an progressively powerful existent estate market and accepted by political relations and planning. This advancement is non merely altering urban and architectural forms in the metropolis but besides the deduction on the societal and economic constructions at the vicinity degree. ( web ) For illustration Ge °Ã¢â‚¬ ¡te »Ã‚ µk, as a innovator of this manner of development in the 1990s existent estate developers discovered the potency for the up market lodging development. Therefore, more than 30 gated communities have been built closly. As a consequence, the population increases from 1,500 in 1993 to about 20,000 in 2008 with increasing land value. ( ) The country has been transformed into an island among islands with necessary web of economic, societal brushs which connect Ge °Ã¢â‚¬ ¡te »Ã‚ µk’s apparently the fragment into an incorporate economic whole.i5i?†°However, the gated communities still consequence on crystallisation of the class-based spacial segregation. Istanbul is acknowledged that has a proper system of public conveyance constitutes to counter the immense menace to mobility by planned expresswaies, widened roads and introduced new traffic lanes. However, it could make farther divisions and destruct the city’s delicate vicinity construction. The original street forms of theGecekonduand yap-sat territories, with their complex societal and micro-economic constructions, and lively street activities are being replaced by the new vicinities which dwelling of monolithic blocks with high-rise flat towers. Besides, a big Numberss of diverse population are forced to go considerable distances for plants and even basic demands that farther consequence on the mobility on all degrees.